Sung, H. et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71(3), 209–249 (2021).
Google Scholar
Arnold, M. et al. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut 66(4), 683–691 (2017).
Google Scholar
Chen, J.-G. et al. Cancer survival in patients from a hospital-based cancer registry, China. J. Cancer 9(5), 851 (2018).
Google Scholar
Joachim, C. et al. Overall survival of colorectal cancer by stage at diagnosis: Data from the Martinique Cancer Registry. Medicine 98(35), e16941 (2019).
Google Scholar
Maajani, K. et al. Survival rate of colorectal cancer in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prevent. APJCP 20(1), 13 (2019).
Google Scholar
Aguiar Junior, S. et al. Survival of patients with colorectal cancer in a cancer center. Arq. Gastroenterol. 57(2), 172–177 (2020).
Google Scholar
Macrae, F.A., Goldberg, R.M. & Seres, D. Colorectal cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors, and protective factors 2016 [Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-colorectal-cancer.
Sheikh, M. et al. Opium use and subsequent incidence of cancer: Results from the Golestan Cohort Study. Lancet Glob Health. 8(5), e649–e660 (2020).
Google Scholar
Walter, V. et al. Physical activity and survival of colorectal cancer patients: Population-based study from Germany. Int. J. Cancer. 140(9), 1985–1997 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kuo, W. Y., Hsu, H. S., Kung, P. T. & Tsai, W. C. Impact of socioeconomic status on cancer incidence risk, cancer staging, and survival of patients with colorectal cancer under universal health insurance coverage in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18(22), 12164 (2021).
Google Scholar
Romaguera, D. et al. Pre-diagnostic concordance with the WCRF/AICR guidelines and survival in European colorectal cancer patients: a cohort study. BMC Med. 13(1), 1–12 (2015).
Google Scholar
Pelser, C. et al. Prediagnostic lifestyle factors and survival after colon and rectal cancer diagnosis in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health Study. Cancer 120(10), 1540–1547 (2014).
Google Scholar
Walter, V. et al. Alcohol consumption and survival of colorectal cancer patients: a population-based study from Germany. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 103(6), 1497–1506 (2016).
Google Scholar
McCullough, M. L., Gapstur, S. M., Shah, R., Jacobs, E. J. & Campbell, P. T. Association between red and processed meat intake and mortality among colorectal cancer survivors. J. Clin. Oncol. 31(22), 2773 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wang, N. et al. Prediagnosis body mass index and waist–hip circumference ratio in association with colorectal cancer survival. Int. J. Cancer 140(2), 292–301 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ward, H. A. et al. Pre-diagnostic meat and fibre intakes in relation to colorectal cancer survival in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Br. J. Nutr. 116(2), 316–325 (2016).
Google Scholar
Oyeyemi, S. O., Braaten, T., Skeie, G. & Borch, K. B. Competing mortality risks analysis of prediagnostic lifestyle and dietary factors in colorectal cancer survival: The Norwegian women and cancer study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 6(1), e000338 (2019).
Google Scholar
Fedirko, V. et al. Pre-diagnostic anthropometry and survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis in Western European populations. Int. J. Cancer 135(8), 1949–1960 (2014).
Google Scholar
Walter, V. et al. Prognostic relevance of prediagnostic weight loss and overweight at diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 104(4), 1110–1120 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sheikh, M. et al. Survival features, prognostic factors, and determinants of diagnosis and treatment among Iranian patients with pancreatic cancer, a prospective study. PLoS ONE 15(12), e0243511 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pourshams, A. et al. Cohort profile: The Golestan Cohort Study—a prospective study of oesophageal cancer in northern Iran. Int. J. Epidemiol. 39(1), 52–59 (2010).
Google Scholar
Humans IWGotIoCHt. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. Opium Consumption. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer© International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2021. For more information contact [email protected].; 2021.
Khademi, H. et al. Opium use and mortality in Golestan Cohort Study: Prospective cohort study of 50 000 adults in Iran. BMJ Br. Med. J. 344, e2502 (2012).
Google Scholar
Abnet, C. C. et al. Reliability and validity of opiate use self-report in a population at high risk for esophageal cancer in Golestan, Iran. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 13(6), 1068–1070 (2004).
Google Scholar
Malekshah, A. et al. Validity and reliability of a new food frequency questionnaire compared to 24 h recalls and biochemical measurements: pilot phase of Golestan cohort study of esophageal cancer. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 60(8), 971–977 (2006).
Google Scholar
Reedy, J. et al. Evaluation of the healthy eating index-2015. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 118(9), 1622–1633 (2018).
Google Scholar
Rosner, B. Dietary Guidelines for Americans: US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture; 2015. (2020).
Islami, F. et al. Socio-economic status and oesophageal cancer: results from a population-based case–control study in a high-risk area. Int. J. Epidemiol. 38(4), 978–988 (2009).
Google Scholar
Weir, C., Jan, A. StatPearls: BMI Classification Percentile And Cut Off Points. Treasure Island (FL). 2022.
Islami, F. et al. Epidemiologic features of upper gastrointestinal tract cancers in Northeastern Iran. Br. J. Cancer 90(7), 1402–1406 (2004).
Google Scholar
Khademi, H. et al. Verbal autopsy: Reliability and validity estimates for causes of death in the Golestan Cohort Study in Iran. PLoS ONE 5(6), e11183 (2010).
Google Scholar
Statistical Centre of Iran. Iran Population and Housing Census 2016. [Available from: https://amar.org.ir/.
Harris, C. R. et al. Array programming with NumPy. Nature 585(7825), 357–362 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hunter, J. D. Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment. Comput. Sci. Eng. 9(03), 90–95 (2007).
Google Scholar
Szczepaniak, A., Fichna, J. & Zielińska, M. Opioids in cancer development, progression and metastasis: Focus on colorectal cancer. Curr. Treat. Options Oncol. 21(1), 6 (2020).
Google Scholar
Liang, X., Liu, R., Chen, C., Ji, F. & Li, T. Opioid system modulates the immune function: A review. Transl. Perioper. Pain Med. 1(1), 5 (2016).
Google Scholar
Bonfiglio, R. et al. The impact of toxic metal bioaccumulation on colorectal cancer: Unravelling the unexplored connection. Sci. Total Environ. 906, 167667 (2024).
Google Scholar
Kish, J. K., Yu, M., Percy-Laurry, A. & Altekruse, S. F. Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer survival by neighborhood socioeconomic status in surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) registries. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 2014(49), 236–243 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kroenke, C. H. et al. Prediagnosis social support, social integration, living status, and colorectal cancer mortality in postmenopausal women from the women’s health initiative. Cancer 126(8), 1766–1775 (2020).
Google Scholar
Borders, T. F., Morgan, Z. J. & Peterson, L. E. Colorectal cancer screening in rural and urban primary care practices amid implementation of the medicare access and CHIP reauthorization act. J Prim Care Community Health. 14, 21501319231177550 (2023).
Google Scholar
Sutton, A. L. et al. Reaching rural residents to identify colorectal cancer education and intervention targets. J. Cancer Educ. 36(2), 338–344 (2021).
Google Scholar
McKay, A. et al. Does young age influence the prognosis of colorectal cancer: A population-based analysis. World J. Surg. Oncol. 12(1), 370 (2014).
Google Scholar
van Eeghen, E. E., Bakker, S. D., van Bochove, A. & Loffeld, R. J. Impact of age and comorbidity on survival in colorectal cancer. J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 6(6), 605–612 (2015).
Google Scholar
Høydahl, Ø., Edna, T.-H., Xanthoulis, A., Lydersen, S. & Endreseth, B. H. The impact of age on rectal cancer treatment, complications and survival. BMC Cancer 22(1), 975 (2022).
Google Scholar
Doat, S. et al. Elderly patients with colorectal cancer: Treatment modalities and survival in France. National data from the ThInDiT cohort study. Eur. J. Cancer 50(7), 1276–1283 (2014).
Google Scholar
Marble, K., Banerjee, S. & Greenwald, L. Colorectal carcinoma in young patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 51(3), 179–182 (1992).
Google Scholar
Heys, S. D. et al. Prognostic factors and survival of patients aged less than 45 years with colorectal cancer. Br. J. Surg. 81(5), 685–688 (2005).
Google Scholar
Abancens, M., Bustos, V., Harvey, H., McBryan, J. & Harvey, B. J. Sexual dimorphism in colon cancer. Front. Oncol. (2020).
Google Scholar
Keswani, R. N., Crockett, S. D. & Calderwood, A. H. AGA clinical practice update on strategies to improve quality of screening and surveillance colonoscopy: Expert review. Gastroenterology 161(2), 701–711 (2021).
Google Scholar
Low, E. E. et al. Risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 159(2), 492–501 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ladabaum, U., Mannalithara, A., Meester, R. G. S., Gupta, S. & Schoen, R. E. Cost-effectiveness and national effects of initiating colorectal cancer screening for average-risk persons at age 45 years instead of 50 years. Gastroenterology 157(1), 137–148 (2019).
Google Scholar
Yuan, S. & Xie, S.-H. Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: A cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers. BMJ Open 11(4), e042762 (2021).
Google Scholar
Laake, I., Larsen, I. K., Selmer, R., Thune, I. & Veierød, M. B. Pre-diagnostic body mass index and weight change in relation to colorectal cancer survival among incident cases from a population-based cohort study. BMC Cancer 16(1), 402 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kuiper, J. G. et al. Recreational physical activity, body mass index, and survival in women with colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control 23(12), 1939–1948 (2012).
Google Scholar
Walter, V. et al. Prognostic relevance of prediagnostic weight loss and overweight at diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer12. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 104(4), 1110–1120 (2016).
Google Scholar
Strulov Shachar, S. & Williams, G. R. The obesity paradox in cancer-moving beyond BMI. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 26(1), 13–16 (2017).
Google Scholar
Campbell, P. T. et al. Impact of body mass index on survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis: The cancer prevention study-II nutrition cohort. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(1), 42–52 (2012).
Google Scholar
Kocarnik, J. M. et al. Relationship of prediagnostic body mass index with survival after colorectal cancer: Stage-specific associations. Int. J. Cancer. 139(5), 1065–1072 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kahn, S. E. et al. Obesity, body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and islet β-cell function as explanations for metabolic diversity. J. Nutr. 131(2), 354S-S360 (2001).
Google Scholar
Parkin, E., O’Reilly, D. A., Sherlock, D. J., Manoharan, P. & Renehan, A. G. Excess adiposity and survival in patients with colorectal cancer: A systematic review. Obes. Rev. 15(5), 434–451 (2014).
Google Scholar
Zhu, B. et al. The relationship between diabetes and colorectal cancer prognosis: A meta-analysis based on the cohort studies. PLoS ONE 12(4), e0176068 (2017).
Google Scholar
Walker, J. J. et al. Cause-specific mortality in Scottish patients with colorectal cancer with and without type 2 diabetes (2000–2007). Diabetologia 56(7), 1531–1541 (2013).
Google Scholar
van de Poll-Franse, L. V., Haak, H. R., Coebergh, J. W., Janssen-Heijnen, M. L. & Lemmens, V. E. Disease-specific mortality among stage I-III colorectal cancer patients with diabetes: a large population-based analysis. Diabetologia 55(8), 2163–2172 (2012).
Google Scholar
Jullumstrø, E., Kollind, M., Lydersen, S. & Edna, T. H. Diabetes mellitus and outcomes of colorectal cancer. Acta Oncol. 48(3), 361–367 (2009).
Google Scholar
Cui, G. et al. High blood glucose levels correlate with tumor malignancy in colorectal cancer patients. Med Sci Monit. 21, 3825–3833 (2015).
Google Scholar
Pasdar, Y. et al. Healthy eating index 2015 and major dietary patterns in relation to incident hypertension; a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 22(1), 734 (2022).
Google Scholar
link