Quigley, H. A. & Broman, A. T. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 90, 262 (2006).
Google Scholar
Weinreb, R. N., Aung, T. & Medeiros, F. A. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: A review. JAMA 311, 1901–1911 (2014).
Google Scholar
Foster, P. J. et al. Glaucoma in Mongolia: A population-based survey in Hövsgöl Province, Northern Mongolia. Arch. Ophthalmol. 114, 1235–1241 (1996).
Google Scholar
Mason, R. P. et al. National survey of the prevalence and risk factors of glaucoma in St. Lucia, West Indies: part I. Prevalence findings. Ophthalmology 96, 1363–1368 (1989).
Google Scholar
Tham, Y. C. et al. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 121, 2081–2090 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kim, C. S., Seong, G. J., Lee, N. H. & Song, K. C. Prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in central South Korea the Namil study. Ophthalmology 118, 1024–1030 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kim, K. E. et al. Prevalence, awareness, and risk factors of primary open-angle glaucoma: Korea National health and nutrition examination survey 2008–2011. Ophthalmology 123, 532–541 (2016).
Google Scholar
Leske, M. C., Wu, S-Y., Hennis, A., Honkanen, R. & Nemesure, B. Risk factors for incident open-angle glaucoma: the Barbados eye studies. Ophthalmology 115, 85–93 (2008).
Google Scholar
Rudnicka, A. R., Mt-Isa, S., Owen, C. G., Cook, D. G. & Ashby, D. Variations in primary open-angle glaucoma prevalence by age, gender, and race: A Bayesian meta-analysis. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 4254–4261 (2006).
Stein, J. D. et al. Differences in rates of glaucoma among Asian Americans and other racial groups, and among various Asian ethnic groups. Ophthalmology 118, 1031–1037 (2011).
Google Scholar
O’Brien, J. M. et al. Family history in the primary open-angle African American glaucoma genetics study cohort. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 192, 239–247 (2018).
Google Scholar
Doshi, V., Ying-Lai, M., Azen, S. P. & Varma, R. Sociodemographic, family history, and lifestyle risk factors for Open-angle Glaucoma and ocular hypertension: the Los Angeles Latino eye study. Ophthalmology 115, 639–647e632 (2008).
Google Scholar
Tielsch, J. M., Katz, J., Sommer, A., Quigley, H. A. & Javitt, J. C. Family history and risk of primary open angle glaucoma: the Baltimore eye survey. Arch. Ophthalmol. 112, 69–73 (1994).
Google Scholar
Kass, M. A. et al. The ocular hypertension treatment study: A randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. 120, 701–713 (2002).
Google Scholar
The AI. The advanced glaucoma intervention study (AGIS): 7. The relationship between control of intraocular pressure and visual field deterioration. Ophthalmology. 130, 429–440. (2000).
Klein, B. E., Klein, R. & Jensen, S. C. Open-angle glaucoma and older-onset diabetes. The beaver dam eye study. Ophthalmology 101, 1173–1177 (1994).
Google Scholar
Lee, E. B., Hu, W., Singh, K. & Wang, S. Y. The association among blood pressure, blood pressure medications, and glaucoma in a nationwide electronic health records database. Ophthalmology 129, 276–284 (2022).
Google Scholar
Kim, M. et al. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor in normal-tension glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol. 92, e637–e643 (2014).
Google Scholar
Shim, S. H. et al. The role of systemic arterial stiffness in open-angle glaucoma with diabetes mellitus. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 425835 (2015).
Google Scholar
Shim, S. H. et al. Association between renal function and open-angle glaucoma: the Korea National health and nutrition examination survey 2010–2011. Ophthalmology 123, 1981–1988 (2016).
Google Scholar
Ro, J. S., Moon, J. Y., Park, T. K. & Lee, S. H. Association between chronic kidney disease and open-angle glaucoma in South Korea: a 12-year nationwide retrospective cohort study. Sci. Rep. 12, 3423 (2022).
Google Scholar
He, M. et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of Glaucoma in adult Chinese: A population-based study in Liwan district, Guangzhou. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 2782–2788 (2006).
Iwase, A. et al. The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in Japanese: the Tajimi study. Ophthalmology 111, 1641–1648 (2004).
Google Scholar
Dandona, L. et al. Open-angle glaucoma in an urban population in Southern India: the Andhra Pradesh eye disease study. Ophthalmology 107, 1702–1709 (2000).
Google Scholar
Kim, Y. K., Choi, H. J., Jeoung, J. W., Park, K. H. & Kim, D. M. Five-year incidence of primary open-angle glaucoma and rate of progression in health center-based Korean population: the Gangnam eye study. PLoS One. 9, e114058 (2014).
Google Scholar
Lee, C. et al. Health and prevention enhancement (H-PEACE): a retrospective, population-based cohort study conducted at the Seoul National University Hospital Gangnam Center, Korea. BMJ Open. 8, e019327 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kim, M. et al. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor in normal-tension glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol. 92, e637–643 (2014).
Google Scholar
Scheie, H. G. Evaluation of ophthalmoscopic changes & of hypertension and arteriolar sclerosis. AMA Archives Ophthalmol. ;49, 117–138. (1953).
Google Scholar
Ohno-Matsui, K. et al. IMI pathologic myopia. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 62, 5–5 (2021).
Kim, J. M., Park, K. H., Kim, S. H., Kang, J. H. & Cho, S. W. The relationship between the cornea and the optic disc. Eye 24, 1653–1657 (2010).
Google Scholar
Quigley, H. A. et al. Quantitative grading of nerve fiber layer photographs. Ophthalmology 100, 1800–1807 (1993).
Google Scholar
Foster, P. J., Buhrmann, R., Quigley, H. A. & Johnson, G. J. The definition and classification of glaucoma in prevalence surveys. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 86, 238–242 (2002).
Google Scholar
Li, Z. et al. Efficacy of a deep learning system for detecting glaucomatous optic neuropathy based on color fundus photographs. Ophthalmology 125, 1199–1206 (2018).
Google Scholar
Chang, J. et al. Explaining the rationale of deep learning glaucoma decisions with adversarial examples. Ophthalmology 128, 78–88 (2021).
Google Scholar
Leske, M. C. et al. Nine-year incidence of open-angle glaucoma in the in the Barbados eye studies. Ophthalmology 114, 1058–1064 (2007).
Google Scholar
de Voogd, S. et al. Incidence of open-angle glaucoma in a general elderly population: the Rotterdam study. Ophthalmology 112, 1487–1493 (2005).
Google Scholar
Wang, Y. X., Xu, L., Yang, H. & Jonas, J. B. Prevalence of glaucoma in North China: the Beijing eye study. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 150, 917–924 (2010).
Google Scholar
Vijaya, L. et al. Prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in an urban South Indian population and comparison with a rural population: the Chennai Glaucoma study. Ophthalmology 115, 648–654e641 (2008).
Google Scholar
Suzuki, Y. et al. Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma in a Japanese population: the Tajimi study. Ophthalmology 113, 1613–1617 (2006).
Google Scholar
Jiang, X. et al. Baseline risk factors that predict the development of open-angle glaucoma in a population: the Los Angeles Latino eye study. Ophthalmology 119, 2245–2253 (2012).
Google Scholar
Ramakrishnan, R. et al. Glaucoma in a rural population of Southern India: the Aravind comprehensive eye survey. Ophthalmology 110, 1484–1490 (2003).
Google Scholar
Yamamoto, S. et al. Primary open-angle glaucoma in a population associated with high prevalence of primary Angle-Closure glaucoma: the Kumejima study. Ophthalmology 121, 1558–1565 (2014).
Google Scholar
Rahman, M. M. et al. The prevalence of glaucoma in Bangladesh: a population based survey in Dhaka division. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 88, 1493 (2004).
Google Scholar
Lee, A. J., Mitchell, P., Rochtchina, E. & Healey, P. R. Female reproductive factors and open angle glaucoma: the blue mountains eye study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 87, 1324–1328 (2003).
Google Scholar
Newman-Casey, P. A. et al. The potential association between postmenopausal hormone use and primary open-angle glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 132, 298–303 (2014).
Google Scholar
Pasquale, L. R. et al. Estrogen pathway polymorphisms in relation to primary open angle glaucoma: an analysis accounting for gender from the United States. Mol. Vis. 19, 1471–1481 (2013).
Google Scholar
Sung, H. et al. The association between socioeconomic status and visual impairments among primary glaucoma: the results from Nationwide Korean National Health Insurance Cohort from 2004 to 2013. BMC Ophthalmol. 17, 153 (2017).
Google Scholar
Oh, S. A., Ra, H. & Jee, D. Socioeconomic status and glaucoma: associations in high levels of income and education. Curr. Eye Res. 44, 436–441 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ramdas, W. D. et al. Lifestyle and risk of developing open-angle glaucoma: the Rotterdam study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 129, 767–772 (2011).
Google Scholar
Zhang, X. et al. Socioeconomic disparity in use of eye care services among US adults with age-related eye diseases: National Health Interview Survey, 2002 and 2008. JAMA Ophthalmol. 131, 1198–1206 (2013).
Google Scholar
Zhang, X. et al. Vision health disparities in the United States by race/ethnicity, education, and economic status: findings from two nationally representative surveys. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 154, S53–62e51 (2012).
Google Scholar
Hayreh, S. S. Retinal and optic nerve head ischemic disorders and atherosclerosis: role of serotonin. Prog Retin Eye Res. 18, 191–221 (1999).
Google Scholar
Mitchell, P. et al. Retinal vessel diameter and open-angle glaucoma: the blue mountains eye study. Ophthalmology 112, 245–250 (2005).
Google Scholar
Amerasinghe, N. et al. Evidence of retinal vascular narrowing in glaucomatous eyes in an Asian population. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 5397–5402 (2008).
Google Scholar
Wang, S., Xu, L., Wang, Y., Wang, Y. & Jonas, J. B. Retinal vessel diameter in normal and glaucomatous eyes: the Beijing eye study. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 35, 800–807 (2007).
Google Scholar
Klein, B. E., Klein, R. & Linton, K. L. Intraocular pressure in an American community. The beaver dam eye study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33, 2224–2228 (1992).
Google Scholar
Karadag, R., Arslanyilmaz, Z., Aydin, B. & Hepsen, I. F. Effects of body mass index on intraocular pressure and ocular pulse amplitude. Int. J. Ophthalmol. 5, 605–608 (2012).
Google Scholar
Haslam, D. W. & James, W. P. Obesity. Lancet 366, 1197–1209. (2005).
Google Scholar
Newman-Casey, P. A., Talwar, N., Nan, B., Musch, D. C. & Stein, J. D. The relationship between components of metabolic syndrome and open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 118, 1318–1326 (2011).
Google Scholar
Nita, M. & Grzybowski, A. The role of the reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the pathomechanism of the age-related ocular diseases and other pathologies of the anterior and posterior eye segments in adults. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016, 3164734 (2016).
Google Scholar
Giordano, C., Karasik, O., King-Morris, K. & Asmar, A. Uric acid as a marker of kidney disease: review of the current literature. Dis. Mark. ;2015. (2015).
Sánchez-Lozada, L. G. et al. Uric acid-induced endothelial dysfunction is associated with mitochondrial alterations and decreased intracellular ATP concentrations. Nephron Experimental Nephrol. 121, e71–78 (2012).
Hsueh, Y-J. et al. The pathomechanism, antioxidant biomarkers, and treatment of oxidative stress-related eye diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 1255 (2022).
Google Scholar
Elisaf, M. et al. Metabolic abnormalities in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 79, 129–132 (2001).
Google Scholar
Yuki, K., Murat, D., Kimura, I., Ohtake, Y. & Tsubota, K. Reduced-serum vitamin C and increased uric acid levels in normal-tension glaucoma. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 248, 243–248 (2010).
Google Scholar
Simavli, H., Bucak, Y. Y., Tosun, M. & Erdurmuş, M. Serum uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, hemoglobin and red blood cell count levels in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. J. Ophthalmol. 2015 (2015).
Li, S. et al. The association between serum uric acid and glaucoma severity in primary angle closure glaucoma: a retrospective case-control study. Oncotarget 8, 2816–2824 (2017).
Google Scholar
Li, S. et al. Association of serum uric acid levels with primary open-angle glaucoma: a 5-year case-control study. Acta Ophthalmol. 97, e356–e363 (2019).
Google Scholar
Al-Daghri, N. M., Al-Attas, O. S., Wani, K., Sabico, S. & Alokail, M. S. Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio and risk of metabolic syndrome in Saudi type 2 diabetic patients. Sci. Rep. 7, 12104 (2017).
Google Scholar
Tao, J. et al. Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal Chinese women. Med. (Baltim). 99, e19959 (2020).
Google Scholar
Gu, L., Huang, L., Wu, H., Lou, Q. & Bian, R. Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio: A predictor of incident chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with preserved kidney function. Diab Vasc Dis. Res. 14, 221–225 (2017).
Google Scholar
Silva, N. R., Gonçalves, C. E. T., Gonçalves, D. L. N., Cotta, R. M. M. & da Silva, L. S. Association of uric acid and uric acid to creatinine ratio with chronic kidney disease in hypertensive patients. BMC Nephrol. 22, 311 (2021).
Google Scholar
Wensor, M. D., McCarty, C. A., Stanislavsky, Y. L., Livingston, P. M. & Taylor, H. R. The prevalence of glaucoma in the Melbourne visual impairment project. Ophthalmology 105, 733–739 (1998).
Google Scholar
link
